- Constructed mangrove wetlands are used to treat wastewater, controls floods, etc.
- “They provide multifunctional shallow water detention and pollutant retention, and are potentially sound options for wastewater treatment to lower energy input and costs in comparison with mechanical wastewater treatment alternatives.” (972)
- “...different mangrove genera are used to dispose wastewater in constructed wetlands, such as Avicennia, Rhizophora and Aegiceras.” (972)
- There are two kinds of constructed mangrove wetlands.
- “Free water surface flow mangrove wetlands are constructed with the predominant water flow volume across the surface of the wetlands.” (972)
- “Subsurface flow mangrove wetlands are designed as horizontal or vertical water flow, which is maintained below the upper surface of special media, such as gravel and sand. They are more effective in wastewater treatment compared with FSW mangrove wetlands owing to extra physical and biological mechanisms.” (972)
- Natural mangroves receive sewage or agricultural wastewater in many parts of the world.
- “They remove contaminants primarily through tidal flushing, mangrove plant assimilation or sediment microbial metabolism.” (974)
- Mangrove-aquaculture coupling systems use mangroves and aquatic vegetation to purify aquaculture ponds and sustain the mangroves themselves.
- “Growth of mangrove plants depends on nutrients from aquaculture ponds, and litter from mangrove plants provide food for aquatic organisms in the ponds.” (974)
- “Existing studies have verified the sound effect of different mangrove species on removing eutrophic pollutants from aquaculture wastewater.” (974)
- It was calculated that mangrove-aquaculture coupling systems are the best paradigm for aquaculture wastewater treatment.
- “Mangrove–aquaculture coupling systems are suggested the optimal paradigm for aquaculture wastewater treatment based on multi-criterion decision making in our study. This conforms the idea of sustainable aquaculture with the integration of mangroves as natural biofilters (Buhmann and Papenbrock, 2013). Costa-Pierce (2002) also prompted calls on developing aquaculture as the most ecologically integrated industry.” (977)