- Banacon Isalnd Mangroves: commercial mangrove extraction caused local communities on Banacon Isalnd to begin planting their own mangrove stands for resource extraction (295-296).
- “As of 1997, virtually all natural trees (Sonneratia spp., Avicennia spp. and Rhizophora spp.) have been cut within 2–3 km of the village. In their place are approximately 300 ha of monoculture R. stylosa plantations” (296).
- “Planting has…expanded the distribution of mangroves in places beyond their historic, natural range into nearby seagrass beds and mudflats. Thus, while the forest species diversity and structural complexity are far lower today, the actual forest area is probably greater” (296).
- Bais Bay Mangroves: mangroves in this area were cut to make space for fishponds (aquaculture) (297) and residential settlements (298) as well as for firewood and construction materials (deforestation) (298-299). Mangrove wood uses include: bunsod posts, fuel wood, house construction, fence/pen construction, nipa roofing, miracle hole and Christmas trees. Mangroves were planted in this area to have a ready source of posts for bunsod construction, land tenure, commercial firewood resources, and protection around fishpond dykes from wind and waves (299-300).
- Conclusions:
- “While they have cut many mangroves, people living in Bais and Banacon have also planted millions of mangrove trees under their own initiative during the last 50 years. As a result, both areas are now showcased as national success stories in community-based mangrove management by governments who have recently modeled reforestation programmes after them (see Yao 1987; Melana et al. 2000)”(300).
- “Dramatic productivity improvements (in terms of bunsod post production) are obtained from plantations. Some planters indicated that they have more incentive to plant now because government cutting restrictions are pushing the price of bakau wood higher”(301).
- Resource substitution among mangrove firewood consumers in Bais has further the protection of mangrove forests in the area (301).